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Thursday, 3 November 2022

On shooting a bishop in Melbourne

One of the most interesting accounts of goldfield life is Stanley Robe's translation of Seweryn Korzelinski's memoir, written in Polish, but one bit has been annoying me for ten years. Korzelinski wrote:

Bishop Medianski had gone to France after the Hungarian uprising and then to Australia, where he worked for a time on the diggings. He was on his way to Melbourne on business when attacked and shot by a bushranger. He knocked out the robber and went for help, but his left arm needed to be amputated.

I could find no trace of 'Medianski' anywhere, but as I am revising my Not Your Usual Gold Stories, I decided to give it another spin. To my delight, I found one hit, but it was in a string of English in a PDF that appeared to be in Hungarian, a language in which I used to have three words, long since forgotten. Still, I gave it a go.

Alas, the PDF just quoted Robe, in English, in a footnote, but being devious, I looked more closely at footnote 36, and saw Mednyánszky in the text. So I fed that to Trove, and bingo! I got this from the South Australian Register:

The Late Attempted Murder. — The Hungarian so atrociously assailed and shot at in the Government Paddock on Sunday night, is doing well. His name is Caesar Mednyaszky, and his connections in his native land are said to be inferior to none. One of his brothers is a General in the Hungarian army, the other a Bishop, and his family is declared to be allied in a close degree to Prince Albert It will be seen by a reference to our City Police report that a man has been apprehended and remanded on suspicion of being the party who wounded Mednyaszky, but whether he can be identified has not been as yet ascertained.

 Here is the story, courtesy of Adelaide Times:

The Attempted Assassination.—On further reference to our files of Melbourne papers, we find the following particulars regarding the attempt upon the life of Mr Mednyanszky, to which we yesterday referred:—
ATTEMPTED MURDER AND ROBBERY—Between 11 and 12 o'clock on Sunday night, a Hungarian was proceeding from Melbourne to the house of Trooper Burns, in Tanner-street, Richmond, where he resides, and, on reaching the centre of the Government paddock; a man approached, and demanded of him to surrender his money. The reply of the other was, 'I have none for you, my good friend," wherewith the ruffian presented a pistol, and the Hungarian, raising his left hand to protect himself, received a ball in the arm, and jumping forward at the moment, with his fist struck the highwayman on the nose, by which he was felled to the earth; but the scoundrel quickly regaining his feet succeeded in making his escape through the bush and has not since been heard of.
The Hungarian, though bleeding profusely was not up to this time aware of his having been shot, and was able to walk home, when the extent of his injuries was first ascertained, and Dr. Wilson was called in to attend him. Dr. Eades was subsequently sent for, and about half-past two o'clock amputation of the arm was deemed advisable by both medical gentlemen The operation was performed under the influence of chloroform, and the arm taken off from near the shoulder. He is doing well. The would-be murderer is described as a low-sized man, wearing a cap, but whether he can be identified by his victim we are unable to say.

So, case closed... or is it? From another source, it appears that he might be Baron Cezar Mednyanszky, a priest who was Catholic chaplain to the 1848-49 revolutionary army in Hungary, Now I have to track down his 1858 posthumous English translation of his The Confessions of a Catholic Priest. Still, if I don't get around to it, the next person making this search will now have a few pointers.

Having some clear space, I delved, and in a 1990 issue of Földrajzi Múzeumi Tanulmányok, I found an article by Dr. Balázs Dénes entitled 'Magyar utazók Ausztráliában', which seems to mean something like 'Hungarians in Australia', which includes a small section in English:

So there you have it: he was not a bishop, but a priest and a baron. Before he died, Mednyánszky wrote a memoir, Confessions of a Catholic Priest, and his account of the shooting starts at page 196. There isn't much there, but the work is available through Google Books.

I think the case is now closed, pro tem.

Sunday, 30 October 2022

The sum of two cubes in two different ways

This is a continuation of an entry last March on Ramanujan and the sums of two cubes. If the title makes no sense, start there.

This expands the list of solutions, and below it, I reveal my Diophantine approach to spreadsheets. I should note here that one of my most successful fraud investigations (the precise details of the client remain commercial-in-confidence) only worked because I used a spreadsheet to divine the cunning way a wages swindle was being run.

All I needed was a stapler and a pie chart, but to find out how I managed to get the data and wring out the answer, you need to ply me with beer.

If you make it a Guinness, I will also throw in a practical demonstration of isostasy: look behind the harp in this shot, and see if you can spot it.

Anyhow, here are my solutions:

-9728: 163 + -243; -12+ -203

-7657: -203 + 73; -173 + -143

-6832: -193 + 33; -183 + -103

-5859: -183 + -33; -193 + 103

-5824: -183 + 23; -163 + -123

-5256: -173 + -73; -203 + 143

-5103:-153 + -123; -183 + 93

-4104: -153 + -93; -163 + -23; -183 + 123 TRIPLE!

-3367: -163 + 93; -153 + 23

-3087: -143 + -73; -203 + 173

-2457: -183 + 153; -123 + -93

-1736: -123 + -23; -183 + 163

-1729: -93 + -103; -13 + -123

-1512: -103 + -83; -123 + 63

-1216: -123 + 83; -103 + -63

-1027: -193 + 183; -103 + -33

-999: -123 + 93; -103 + 13

-728: -123 + 103; -93 + 13; -83 + -63 TRIPLE!

-721: -163 + 153; -93 + 23

-513: -93 + 63; -83 + -13

-217: -63 + -13; -93 + 83

-189: -63 + 33; -53 + -4

-152: -53 + -33; -63 + 43

-91: -43 + -33; -63 + 53

91: 43 + 33; 63 + -53

152: 53 + 33; 63 + -43

189: 63 + -33; 53 + 4

217: 63 + 13; 93 + -83

513: 93 + -63; 83 + 13

721: 163 + -153; 93 + -23

728: 123 + -103; 93 + -13; 83 + 63 TRIPLE!

999: 123 + -93; 103 + -13

1027: 193 + -183; 103 + 33

1216: 123 + -83; 103 + 63

1512: 103 + 83; 123 + -63

1729: 93 + 103; 13 + 123

1736: 123 + 23; 183 + -163

2457: 183 + -153; 123 + 93

3087: 143 + 73; 203 + -173

3367: 163 + -93; 153 + -23

4104: 153 + 93; 163 + 23; 183 + -123 TRIPLE

5103:153 + 123; 183 + -93

5256: 173 + 73; 203 + -143

5824: 183 + -23; 163 + 123

5859: 183 + 33; 193 + -103

6832: 193 + -33; 183 + 103

7657: 203 + -73; 173 + 143

9728: -163 + 243; 12+ 203

Here is the base spreadsheet that spat out all the sums of two cubes where the source numbers were -20 to 20:


This is a bit kludgy, but once row 2 was done, I could use FILL-DOWN.

Next, I copied all of the sums of two cubes into a document, sorted them into order, and pasted them into column A of a fresh spreadsheet in column A. Column B had in B2  =IF(A1=A2, "hit","").  

Next, I deleted the non-hit rows, and knew what to look for: here's a sample of the target list:


Now I was ready to search the first spreadsheet, and this was where I copied Diophantus. I might have come up with a routine that did it for me, but it was faster and less brain-damaging just to hack away.

I have been known to sneer at geography a colouring-in, but as I am colour blind, I think I'm allowed to do that. Anyhow, I used colouring-in to pin down my pairs:


All that remained to do now was to check the cells and enter the source values, but as I was doing this manually, I set a check in column E, where E1 read =C1*C1*C1+D1*D1*D1, followed by COPY-DOWN.





My book of STEAM activities for bright young minds, Playwiths, has a number of labour-saving ideas involving spreadsheets, and about 1729 and Ramanujan, but now I need to add some extra stuff, based on what I have written here.

There was a time when hacking was an honourable activity, when the Kalashnikov rifle was described as a hack, and my fraud-busting spreadsheet was most emphatically a hack. We cannot turn the linguistic clock back to save hack, but we can at least try to make recreational computing respectable again!






 


Sunday, 23 October 2022

Spittlebugs

 When I was a teenager, the act of spitting was a golly or gollying, and just lately, North Head has been taking a bombardment of gollies, going on appearances. Bushes all over the headland are garlanded like this, with festoons of foam, as though some grubby louts have just passed through.

The 'gollies' are made by small bugs called spittlebugs, and when I say "bugs", I am using entomologist-speak, so my bugs are Hemiptera, insects with piercing mouthparts, like the cicadas, aphids and bird-of-paradise flies (which I will get around to describing one day).

These insects feed on plant sap, and make a sticky foam that seems to keep predators away. Working as a volunteer in a sanctuary, I was asked last Tuesday to prune back some trees that get a bit exuberant. We don't like doing this, but it reduces the fire hazard, so we do it with care. One Monotoca was home to many spittlebugs, and as one of the pockets in my work trousers always has a supply of jars, I snipped away a few of them, and by the time I got home, they had emerged from their foam to see what was going on. So out came the macro lens and the microscope.

First, here we have a juvenile and an adult (some people call them froghoppers): they were both in a Petri dish, which is the curve you can see.

But how big are they? One reason for using a Petri dish is that you cam slip a millimetre scale beneath it: if you let insects loose on a scale, they always seem to run away.

Now let's look at the juveniles:


There's more to say about these beasties, but as I'm flat out (as usual), here's a useful link. I will be playing with these for a few weeks, and this week, I was showing some to Stage 1 kids at Manly Vale, so here are some better shots:


If you want more stuff like this, you could do worse than look into my The Nature of North Head.  The price can be as low as $3 for non-dead-tree versions, $20 for monochrome, but the one in bookshops is colour and dead tree at $50.

Thursday, 13 October 2022

It's been a while

 I am travelling right now, but service will be resumed shortly.

Sunday, 4 September 2022

Of monsters and other nonsense

In case you are wondering, I have just put to bed my director's cut version of The Monster Maintenance Manual.

It's like the original which made the CBCA Notables list in 2011, but I have added 14 new short stories. Below, I append the fourth and last freebie, to give the adult reader a sense of what is going on here: this is a children's book for groan-ups, Having signed off on the project, I am in a playful mood, before I move onto the next clean-up job.

With no intimations of mortality nipping at my heels, I am still working solidly at the task of sorting out my legacy.  Still, I need also to reduce the makers of third-rate algorithms to tears, so I have just posted this to FB, my intention being to mess furiously with their algorithms:

It being a lay day, I was checking the commonplace file for ideas, and came across this note, from a dozen years in the past:
Dragons hate chocolate. Consider this: every person I know loves chocolate, and none of them has ever been attacked by a dragon. It follows that all the chocolate haters have been eaten by dragons, which shy off at the merest hint of the cocoa bean.
Nobody alive has ever seen a dragon, because since the chocolate haters have been eliminated, there has been no food for dragons, and they have all moved to another planet.
Don't stop eating the chocolate, because if they come back, you will be dragon droppings, quicker than you can say "brown bread!"
End of note: I estimate that if I can come up with 31 other theories like this, I can have an entertaining book. If I don't think of any others, I will write a popular diet book about the central role of theobromine as an antidraconic agent.
This will reap me a fortune, because it tells people to eat something they like, but dresses the advice up in New Age gibberish. Note: the foregoing is entirely fictitious, and any similarity to any existing dietary manuals is purely coincidental.

The Freebie:

The Pudding Monster who saved a city

This is the story of Rice, a pudding monster who was born in a humble shed in the city of Shiny, and how she became Dame Ballista, the Champion of Blomp. As we will learn, Rice had her name changed to Ballista because of what she did, and Shiny was changed to Blomp for reasons that we will get to later.

Nobody much expected an army of stoats with spears, goats with leers, toads with beards and coats with sneers to rush over the plain and lay siege to the city of Shiny and nobody would have expected Rice to become so famous.

But they did, and so she did.

There was one person who expected the attack, though. Alexis Soyer was a brilliant pudding chef but he was always poor, because his apprentice, a lad named Bread, gave so many free puddings to monsters in need of a free feed, though Chef Soyer didn’t mind, because he kept an ear to the ground.

He had no choice about keeping an ear to the ground, because he was too poor to own a bed, even if he did own a future grabber.

This was like a time machine, but it grabbed bits of paper from rubbish bins in the future and brought them back. Mr. Soyer was always hoping to find a thrown-out recipe book, but he never did.

One day, the future grabber gave him a picture of himself, serving pudding at the wedding of Dame Ballista. On the same page, he read how she had saved the day at the siege of Shiny. He noticed that Dame Ballista was the poor young pudding monster who used to come around to get any leftover puddings to practise throwing.

He knew the bridegroom, too, and read the rest of the story. “That’s my apprentice, and together, they’re going to be famous,” he told himself, then he thought about this for a while, and added, “They’ll need some help, though.”

He cooked one of his special sticky date and butterscotch with mango chutney, mushy peas, olives and anchovies puddings and took it around to the palace. The Prince was always asking Soyer for one of his puddings, so he ate it all, that very night, and had a nightmare about a siege.

He dreamed about an army of stoats with spears, goats with leers, toads with beards and coats with sneers, and next morning, he sent his people out to mend the city walls, to gather food and to get ready. But he didn’t say why, so nobody expected an army of stoats with spears, goats with leers, toads with beards and coats with sneers.

When the unexpected enemy came across the plain, people shut the gates and drank a toast to their clever prince. He sat in his kitchen, licking out the last crumbs of Soyer’s pudding and worrying, because the dream hadn’t told him how to deal with a siege run by stoats, goats, toads and coats.

He was most worried about the coats with sneers, because as his second cook said “There’s something worrying about coats with sneers. I mean, how do we all just know that an empty coat is sneering—and what are you going to do about it?”

“That’s the problem”, said the Prince. He stopped when the kitchen door opened. “Hello Alexis! Thanks for the pud!”

Soyer smiled. “Gave you good dreams, did it?”

“Dreadful dreams, actually, all about those stoats, goats, toads and coats. Dreadful but useful, I think.”

“As it was supposed to be, Your Highness. But if you want to save the city of Shiny, you need to ask a poor pudding monster called Rice to help you.”

“A pudding monster? Are you sure? How do you know?”

Alexis smiled. “Yes, I’m sure, but as to my methods, I used one of Neon’s inventions, and I think it may qualify as one of the Grey Arts, so don’t ask too much, just trust me.”

The Prince nodded. “Very well. Summon her, will you?”

“I’ve actually come to summon you to her, after I brought her in. She’s up on the battlements right now, and we need you up there to tell Colonel Blenkinsop to stop arguing and give her what she needs.”

“You’re really, really sure she’s the answer?”

“I’ve seen a future picture of her wedding, and you and I are both there, celebrating.”

The Prince put his hands over his ears. “That’s definitely Grey Arts stuff, so it’s just as well I didn’t hear a word of it—let’s go!”

They found Rice and another pudding monster arguing with Colonel Blenkinsop, who was a mess of mustachios and self-importance. “That lad’s a very poor pudding monster,” Alexis murmured, pointing to the other pudding monster. “We call him Bread.”

“You mean Bread-and-butter?” asked the Prince, who knew the etiquette of naming pudding monsters.

“No, his parents couldn’t afford the butter. He’s a nice young monster, and Rice loves him, but he’s just here to fetch and carry. Rice will do all the work.”

As they got closer, Rice was saying “Colonel, the battering rams will charge soon. Please get me some bales of hay and some garlic oil.”

The Prince nodded, the colonel nodded, and three sergeants who trusted Rice got out the hay and garlic oil they had already stacked, just behind the colonel. Bread began pouring the garlic oil on the hay, and just in time, because the whole flock of battering rams charged toward the walls. Rice began throwing the bales of hay, low and flat, just over the heads of the battering rams.

“You’re missing them!” shouted Blenkinsop. “Cease fire!” he roared.

But the Prince had seen what the colonel had missed. One by one, the battering rams were screeching to a halt, sniffing the garlic hay, then turning and running after the hay, right through the enemy camp, chasing the bales. “Keep firing,” he said. Soon there were no battering rams, and the camp was a mess.

“I’m a pacifist,” Rice said. “I don’t miss, and I send the ammunition where I do  because I don’t want to hit them. Now I need five magnetic boomerangs, ten canned puddings, 15 barrels of custard, 20 oat puddings, 25 containers of mushy peas in a cauldron, and a pot of tea.”

Off went the Second Cook, Alexis Soyer and one of the sergeants, who knew where some magnetic boomerangs had been hidden in the evidence room after they were taken from a suspected Grey Arts practitioner. They brought the boomerangs back, just as nice smells started coming from the kitchen, and as the stoats with spears and the coats with sneers began to advance.

Bread and Rice took a boomerang and gave it a small twist, then Rice threw it out over the stoats and the coats. The whirling magnet lifted the iron-tipped spears of the stoats, and then the wind of the boomerang lifted all of the coats, and carried them out across the plain. “You’ll be sorry when that boomerang comes back!” sniffed the colonel.

“That’s why we twisted it,” grinned Bread. “Now it’s a one-way boomerang. Just watch!” Below the walls, stoats without spears were no threat at all, but the sneers without coats were getting chilly. Soon the sneers were sneezes that blew away on the breezes.

Rice threw two more magnetic boomerangs to make sure there were no stoats with spears, or coats or sneers, anywhere on the plain. “Put the other boomerangs back in the store,” she told the sergeants. She looked out over the plain. “You’d better tell them to hurry with the ten canned puds and the custard!”

The oldest sergeant looked down the ladder. “Puddings and custard are coming now, Miss!” Bread picked up the tin opener.

Out on the plain, the goats with leers and toads with beards were advancing, making a terrible thumping noise as they marched behind a flag with an angry eye on it. “Just in time!” she said.

Carefully, Rice lobbed the custard just over the heads of the advancing enemy, who suddenly realised now it had passed over them that they were in range. Then she took a spare brick and threw it so it broke the stick the eye flag was on. Now they knew she was accurate as well, and they all stopped.

As Bread opened the last tin, Rice started throwing nine of the puddings over their heads and the goats stopped leering, and turned. They were all sniffing at the delicious tin can puddings that were whizzing over the plain, away from Shiny.

Then the goats started chasing the puddings. Their feet got caught in the toads’ beards, and the toads were trampled or dragged into the custard. As the goats stampeded over the plain, the toads fled.

A few caravaggisti came charging in, riding chariots pulled by hippocrenes that came drumming over the plain. Without a word, the sergeants passed Rice the oat puddings. She sent them out with an effortless aim, so close to the hippocrenes that they could almost taste the puddings and read the labels.

In spite of the yells of the caravaggisti, who were all armed with socks filled with sea urchins, the hippocrenes all galloped off over the plain.

“You’re throwing away all our food in the middle of a siege!” complained the colonel.

One of the sergeants took a step back to pick up another oat pudding, and bumped into the colonel, who fell down the stairs and went head-first into the cauldron of mushy peas. He landed in the peas with a loud Blomp!!

“Oops!” said the careless sergeant, trying not to chortle.

“Give peas a chance,” Bread quipped.

Blenkinsop struggled out of the peas, crying. He ran out the gate and around the castle, following the invaders and shouting “Wait for me!”. The Prince turned to Rice.

“He must have been a traitor: can you knock him into the moat, please?”

Rice tossed the last pudding to Bread. “He’s our best spin bowler, your highness, and that’s what this shot needs…”

Bread considered the matter, murmured “Tricky, but do-able” and sent the pudding off. It was spinning so fast that it whirred, but passing the fleeing colonel’s head, the pudding stopped in the air, then jinked sideways, knocking the colonel into the moat, where a moat monster swallowed him, whiskers and all, then burped a loud Blomp!! The sergeants all cheered and high-fived each other, Rice, Bread, the Prince and Soyer.

“I thought he might be one of those Blenkinsops,” said the Prince. “Rice, there are no more enemies, so what do you want to do with the mushy peas?”

Rice took Bread’s hand. We want to get married, so could we have them for our wedding breakfast?”

“I think we can do better than mushy peas,” said the Prince. “What was the pot of tea for?”

“For drinking, your Highness. Throwing is thirsty work.”

“Well, Dame Ballista, step down into the courtyard and we’ll have some mushy peas and tea and talk about the wedding.”

“Oh, sire, I could never be a Dame when Bread’s a plain Mister!”

“My dear Dame Ballista, you could never marry young Lord High Upper Crust, here, if you were ordinary Miss Rice. You’re the saviour of Blomp!”

“Blomp, sire? Are you renaming the city?”

“Yes, to remind us of our only casualty. Oh, and Ballista, you’ll be the new colonel of the guard, if you don’t mind.”

The wedding of Colonel Dame Ballista and Lord High Upper Crust was the society event of the year. Everybody said it was completely unexpected, and as they posed for press photographs, Alexis Soyer decided that he wasn’t going to mention the future grabber. If it wasn’t a Grey Art, it was probably a Grey Area.

Notes (for groan-ups):

All words in this story were provided by the Alexis Soyer Home For Old Alphabet Soup.

No mushy peas were hurt in the falling colonel sequence, and we are not responsible for the well-being of the colonel.

The disused name of Shiny has been registered as a trade mark by the author, who will license it to suitably qualified towns.

Reference:

René Descartes, I Think, Therefore I Aim.

——————————————————————————

* Wondering what that asterisk on the cover was for? You drill a hole to put the string through.

** Review copies available on request. You know where to find me

Saturday, 3 September 2022

Purely for medicinal purposes...

 In my youth, my parents always slept in on weekends, while I was required to rise early, to fetch in the paper, I was allowed to read it, and on Sundays, I burrowed into Leon Gellert's humorous column in the Sunday Herald, and learned some unusual phrases. With Gellert, any spirituous consumption always featured (for medicinal purposes only), and I made that phrase my own, no doubt confusing a few adults, given that I did this from age six.

Right now, I am revising a history of quack medicine called Not Your Usual Treatments, and the phrase bobbed up, unbidden, as I waded into this little historical vignette:

William Hogarth, ‘Gin Lane’, showing the harm alcohol could do. Top left, a woman is pawning her possessions so she can buy gin.

A recipe for curing swetty feet. One ounce of salts desolved in a pint of boyling water, then add the quantity of gin, for to make it pleasant to drink, then drink a wine glass full when required.

According to my notes, that advice came from the notebook of Police Constable Lewis Jones, who was stationed at Gorseinon, near Swansea in Wales in 1859. Personally, I would have left out the salts, and saved time by not diluting the gin. Some medical experts felt that alcohol was bad, others swore by it.

Frederic Skey (1798–1872) was a proud surgeon and a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1867, he published some lectures to students in which he urged the use of alcohol, in moderation, though his idea of moderation would probably take his patients to a point where they would not be legally allowed to drive in most jurisdictions.

… I am of opinion that for the purposes of health three or four glasses of wine is the maximum quantity that, taken at any one time, can be serviceable. All beyond this, answers the purpose of luxury and nothing more, and is more or less injurious.”*

A couple of pages later, he expressed his pleasure at the fourfold increase in the consumption of wine and brandy in the London Hospitals over the previous forty years. He told how, in 1848, the treasurer at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital commented on the quantity of wine Skey ordered for his patients. It was too great an expense, the treasurer complained, adding that they bought three pipes of wine each year.

Skey reacted as only an old-style alpha male God-surgeon would. He replied sternly that he hoped to raise the level to 13 pipes a year, and in 1867 he reported with some glee that a new treasurer had recently confirmed that they had reached that level. Skey then offered a case study and an example.

A man with hydrothorax had a pulse of 130 after having six pints (about 3 litres) of fluid drained from his chest. Skey prescribed one ounce of brandy in the same amount of water, every three hours, and the following day, the man’s pulse was 90. He concluded triumphantly that “If this treatment was not sound, it ought to have proved fatal.”

He cited a former colleague, the late Mr Jones of Jersey, who had cut off 25 diseased joints without losing a single patient. Jones always gave each patient on whom he operated at least a pint of port wine on each of the two days following the operation, a practice he adopted after seeing Skey’s success with similar treatments.

It is not a coincidence that many of Australia’s earliest vineyards were established by doctors, Dr Hardy, Dr Lindeman and Dr Penfold among them. Mind you, plenty of people argued that used the right way, water could achieve useful cures as well.

Most doctors favoured alcoholic drinks as solvents and “vehicles”, a word we have already seen used by Robert Boyle to mean something which carries the dose. One example is chalybeate wine, which a 1747 recipe says is made by adding four ounces of iron filings, a half ounce each of cinnamon and mace to two quarts of Rhenish wine. This was left to stand for a month and used as appropriate.

Colin Mackenzie suggested that a pregnant patient suffering hysteria or fainting should be placed in a horizontal position in the open air, and when she recovers a little, be given a glass of wine in a little cold water.

One big alcohol problem in the 19th and 20th centuries was that “tonics” were on sale, mainly to women, and these were quite alcoholic. More importantly, they carried no warnings about the alcohol content, nor indeed, was there anything about any other drugs that might be in the bottle.

In 1913, a British doctor was reported as saying that a number of “… cases of inebriety owed their origin to indulgence in some form or other of medicated or tonic wine.” Here is an example from Women's Weekly, of an advertisement for an Australian tonic, which was on sale at least into the 1960s: depending on the source you consult, Wincarnis contained somewhere between 14% and 17% alcohol.

“Will my appetite never return?” Women whose daily housework takes heavy toll of their energy should eat well and should enjoy their food. Only in this way can vital good health be maintained — health to complete the hardest day’s work without tiring, health to enjoy leisure hours. By enriching the blood and renewing tissues you will fully regain your appetite. No more pleasant or more effective way to “tone” up your system, to induce sleep and to make work a pleasure than by relying on the curative properties of Wincarnis. Get a bottle from your chemist today. Prices: 4/3 pints, 7/3 quarts. Over 20,000 Recommendations from Medical men. WINCARNIS must do you good! **

——————————————————

*    “… I am of opinion that for the purposes of health three or four glasses…”, F. C. Skey, FRS, Hysteria: remote causes of disease in general treatment by tonic agency, 1867, 15.

**    Women whose daily housework takes heavy toll of their energy should eat well…”, The Australian Women’s Weekly, 18 May 1935, 46S, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/51757935   




Wednesday, 31 August 2022

Understanding technology

This is a small excerpt from Not Your Usual Clever Ideas, which is about crazy ideas that occasionally pay off. I published it some years ago, and I will upload a revised version in the first week of September.

Don’t worry about what anybody else is going to do…The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Really smart people with reasonable funding can do just about anything that doesn’t violate too many of Newton’s Laws!

—Alan Kay.

Legend has it that Niels Bohr said “Prediction is difficult—especially about the future”. Bohr himself always claimed that somebody else said it, but whoever said it first, the statement remains true. Logical consequences only look logical when we view them from the other side, when we can see which scraps of context really counted. Even Arthur C. Clarke (who predicted communications satellites in 1945) never saw the full potential when he wrote his first outline of it.

Some many years ago, I proposed the idea of the 50-year effect, when I was writing a history of rockets. While I pursue many temporary obsessions in my writing, I have allowed room for only one permanent obsession, and this is it, because the 50-year effect explains why we can never predict the social effects of any technology when it is invented.

The effect probably has the same duration as a human working life because it takes a while for the old fogeys who do not know, understand or appreciate the new technology to die off, making room for younger people who are familiar with the technology to reach the top of the ladder. In fact, the real effects generally begin to appear about 30 years after an invention, but they remain less than totally clear until 50 years after the invention was first set loose in public.

Consider this 1884 essay, describing how a New Zealand lighthouse keeper’s life might be changed for the better, by the application of the telephone, a device that was invented in 1876, and thus well-known and talked-about by then, but little-experienced at that time:

We have been in the habit of thinking that no life was so lonely as that of the keeper of a lighthouse, and are apt to compassionate the men who are cut off from all intercourse with their kind for weeks by stormy weather or by the difficulties of their position. But the telephone (says a New Zealand paper) has cured all that as by a miracle. Let the storm rage how it may, the lighthouse keeper at Tiritiri can speak in a whisper to Auckland or Waiwera. He is not permitted to forget the days of the week as they slip by, or when the Day of Rest comes round, for the clerks in the Auckland office, when discharging Sunday morning duties, can connect him through, and in his lonely watch-tower, with the moaning sea all round, he can hear the Salvation Army band in Shortland-street and Queen-street playing ‘The Sweet By-and-by,’ or some other of Moody and Sankey’s airs. From the same place he can, too, hear every morning someone in the office at Waiwera read the newspapers. All this through several miles of cable at the bottom of the sea, and, by the detour as it goes, some sixty miles of land line.

It conjures up a pretty picture, but one that would fall foul of the dreadful acoustics of the early telephones, not to mention that the clerks’ telephone in Auckland would be bolted to a wall, far from the band. In other words, the journalist must have made it all up as he went along.

The telephone was slowly winning acceptance in some offices around 1900, but it had apparently led Sir William Preece, the chief engineer in the British Post Office to say, some years earlier, when asked if the new device would be of any value:

“No, sir. The Americans have need of the telephone—but we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys”.

By 1914, people in New York could talk to people in San Francisco by telephone, and it became common in at least the wealthier homes in the western world around 1930, 54 years after it was invented.

(There is an amusing side-story here, known to all those who have worked in surveying and statistical sampling: in 1936, the Literary Digest surveyed its own subscribers and automobile owners, followed up by a phone poll, and concluded that Landon would beat Roosevelt in the Presidential elections. FDR won by a landslide, and the error happened because all three sample groups were well-off or rich, and so less likely to vote for Roosevelt.)

After 20 years, people have mostly heard about a new idea, after 30 years, the technology is growing popular but still developing. After 50 years, we can call the technology mature. It does not matter if you look at printing, the telescope, the telegraph, the railway, photography, cinema, radio, heavier-than-air flight, television, or the internet. Within a tolerance of a few years, the 30-year/50-year effect holds in every case.

It is no coincidence that the books produced in the first 50 years after Gutenberg started using the printing press are called incunabula, a term that refers to the clothing of infants. It was only after one full human working life that the idea of printing had been taken on board by both scholars and the people in the printing trade. It had become a mature technology.

When he produced the second edition of his second book, the Mainz Psalter in 1459, Gutenberg had proven the technology of printing. Even so, he could never have anticipated two books published 400 years on, in 1859, Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species or Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities—or those books’ effects.

Equally, he could not have anticipated that a woman, George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) might publish Adam Bede, nor could he have anticipated Isabella Beeton’s Household Management, or John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, all of which came out in 1859. He most certainly would have been utterly confused by Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, conceived in 1862 and published in 1865.

Gutenberg was content to have created a system that could produce 180 bibles in the time that a diligent penman needed to complete a single copy by hand. He could never have dreamed that in Mainz in 2008, outside a museum devoted to his work, newspapers from many nations would be sold to foreign tourists on the day of their publication, after being flown in. Museums, newspapers, tourists and flying would have made no sense to him at all.

There's more, but you'll have to buy the book :-)



Friday, 12 August 2022

Three mathematical puzzles

 This is another selection from my book Playwithsavailable from Amazon or through Polymoth Books. The apparent supplier is really just me, trading as Polymoth Books, but I set the firm up so I can supply booksellers and libraries more cheaply (note that some conditions apply).

This bit is free.

The crossed house puzzle

Your task looks simple: draw the diagram below by putting your pencil down on the paper, and drawing a single continuous line. You are not allowed to draw over any of the lines.


There is a solution, and in time, you will see a pattern!

You can solve this with a lot of difficult trial and error, or you can be mathematically clever, and work out a basic principle that applies to problems like this one and the next two as well. That’s a hint!

The question you have to ask yourself is this: “how many times do I enter or leave from one of the key points?” There is something very special about the points with odd numbers of starting and finishing points. The rest is up to you, but the problem does have a solution.

The prisoner and the cells

A prisoner in a rather strange prison (with even stranger guards!) was told that if he could find a way to walk through all of the doors of all of the cells, once and once only, he would be allowed to go free. The diagram below shows how the cell doors were arranged.

The prisoner’s puzzle.

* Image by en:User:Booyabazooka - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:15-puzzle.svg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1059593

Analyse the problem and see whether it is possible, and if it is, work out the solution. If it is not possible, prove it. Well, if you had any sense, you would have done the crossed house problem first. And that’s a hint. If you draw this figure on a torus in such a way that the hole of the torus is inside the middle cell at the bottom, it might be a bit easier—and that’s another hint.

The Königsberg bridge problem

In the city that was once called Königsberg, there were two islands in the river, linked to each other and to the shore by bridges as you can see in the diagram. The river is blue and the bridges are white. The problem for the citizens of Königsberg was this: was there any way of walking around the city and crossing each of the bridges once and once only?

 

A map of ancient Königsberg, with two islands in the river, and seven bridges.

Well, if you had any sense, you would have done the prisoner and the cells problem first. And that’s the last hint, for now. Now a research question: were/are there islands and bridges like this in Königsberg?

Notes

The three problems all have a common theme: entries and re-entries to certain points. If a cell in the second problem has an odd number of doors, you must either start inside it, or you must end in it, but not both. In the Königsberg bridges problem, each island has an odd number of entry and exit points, as does each bank. There is no solution to the second and third problems.

To find out about Königsberg reality, look for maps of Königsberg online.


The Two Cultures and strange circles

This is another selection from my book Playwithsavailable from Amazon or through Polymoth Books. The apparent supplier is really just me, trading as Polymoth Books, but I set the firm up so I can supply booksellers and libraries more cheaply (note that some conditions apply).

This bit is free, and it probably is not for the faint-hearted

1. The Two Cultures

In very early 1959, I argued with a pompous headmaster who had a Master of Arts degree, because I wanted to continue my studies in Latin, and also study physics. He rejected my request with a crushing dismissal: “Boys who do physics do not do Latin.” That was how I became the victim of something neither of us would have heard of back then, the notion that learned society was made up of “two cultures”, the Arts culture and the Science culture.

The divided cultures had been around for a century or more, but the name “two cultures” was only proposed in 1958 by C. P. Snow, a physicist who wrote fine novels, making him a member of both cultures. Snow said that, as the Arts people saw it, the “Arts Culture” contained all the witty, urbane and articulate people.

The “Science Culture” was, according to the Arts people, made up of scruffy men (and just a few equally scruffy women back then) who were incredibly clever about extremely difficult things, but who were absolutely useless when it came to dealing with people. Scientists were stolid and uncreative manipulators of objects, lacking in personal skills.

The scientists were often absent-minded, we were told, where the Arts culture people were clear-thinking. Leave us to do the ruling, puffed the Arts people. The scientists and engineers let this go, but in their turn, they puffed that the Real Work should be left to them.

According to this divisive pair of stereotypes, creativity is only found in the Arts people, and practicality lies only with the Science people. Fuelled by these notions, the two camps are encouraged to regard each other with a less than friendly contempt. My regard for people who accept that view is far less polite. To survive and do well, it helps to have a foot in each camp. To work in STEM, you badly need the art of debate, the ability to write clearly, sketch neatly, take photos and more. You need STEAM, and the M is important.



Some non-standard round shapes. 

Once upon a time, astronomers were certain that all the moving bodies in space travelled in circles, “because circles are perfect”. In many ways, modern science began when Johannes Kepler saw that the orbits of planets were ellipses.

Or maybe science emerged when Isaac Newton proved that the orbits had to be that shape, because of the way gravity worked. Whichever way it happened, those odd squashed circles called ellipses were involved. 

 

A 19th century engraving of a Gatling gun: notice the shape of the wheels. 

To me, ellipses are important, because in perspective, circles look like ellipses, but I am no artist, and I need help to get my ellipses right. When I am drawing on paper, I use plastic templates to draw my ellipses, but with a simple graphics program like Paint.Net, I can draw ellipses of any shape and size.

If you want to work on shading and stippling geometric shapes, use a colour printer to print out pale sky-blue ellipse outlines. Make just enough fine black points on the paper to show the outline, then photocopy it: pale blue (often called “dropout blue”) usually fails to show in a photocopy, and away you go.

We will meet Piet Hein again in chapters 15 and 20 of my book (and I may get to them here, one day), but now we need to look briefly at his superellipses, which were adopted as a suitable shape for rounding-off a space in the centre of Stockholm, rather more nicely than the rounded rectangle above. If you look online for <Sergelstorg>, you can see the result in maps and aerial photos of Stockholm.

By an odd chance, Hein came up with his solution in 1959, the year in which I encountered the two cultures, and C. P. Snow published a book about his them. Surely, if anybody ever showed how the Two Cultures notion breaks down, it must be Hein. And now, we need to venture into mathematics of a Heavy Kind

There is a whole family of curves with this formula:
As a group, they are called Lamé curves, after Gabriel Lamé, who discovered them. If n is between 0 and 1, the figure is a four-pointed star. If n= 1, it is a parallelogram, and for n between 1 and 2, it is a rounded-off rhombus. If n=2, we get an ellipse or a circle (depending on the values of and b), and above that, we get squircles, or superellipses.

Sergelstorg has n=2.5, and a/b=1.2. Over to you, but look around on the internet for 3D supereggs and ellipsoids…