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Tuesday, 31 March 2026

Where did Australians get their own language?

There is room for a very interesting dictionary of  Australianisms. But I have no time to collect such a list.
Richard Twopeny, Town Life in Australia, 1883.

Well, 143 years on, Twopeny's wish is granted. There are three Australian forms of English: this work just had to await the arrival on the scene of an experienced researcher who speaks all three.

Australian English took less than forty years after the white invasion to start showing up and then begin to puzzle those that we later called New Chums (a term that dates back to at least 1827, but I wonder when the Opposition {see below} show the phrase turning up?).

Now then: when did those terms, those new words, enter the language? The receptacle called a billy, the thing that we used to make tea in probably started in the 1820s, but its accepted name only emerged in the 1850s. Like sly grog, it seems to have started in Tasmania.

There are several reference works that purport to give us 'earliest' dates for words, but to be blunt, they don't fill the bill. Gerry Wilkes says 'Apple Isle', a name for Tasmania, dates from 1963, but I found it being used in 1903. Joan Hughes says 'ant caps' dates from 1955, I have it in use in 1896. Hughes has 'Aussie Rules' from 1941, Bruce Moore has it from 1926, Wilkes has it from 1963: I found it in use in 1907! That is just totally sloppy!

The authors cited above are apparently all literary academics, and I suspect that they relied on amateurs and summer vac undergrads, reading books and providing slips of paper. I am a trained scientist with loads of cunning, and I delved into old newspapers.

Here is a pro tip for lexicographers: hiring undergrads to read books is a poor option, even if that method sort-of worked for the first edition of the OED.  Novels do not usually initiate the entry of new terms and phrases: new language is coined in the verbal world, then it spreads by word of mouth and sneaks into newspapers and journals far earlier than it reaches the books. Just two examples: bail up (by a bushranger) was around in newspapers 43 years before its earliest use (that I have found so far) in a novel. Equally, red ned was in the newspapers seven years before Ruth Park used it.

Any fiction writer wanting to avoid anachronisms would be wise to follow me, not Hughes or Moore or Wilkes, and you can do this for the price of a cup of coffee, and for that you get an ebook. I chose that medium because you can search it, it is far cheaper, and I was able to slip in about 200 colour illustrations. There are 271,000 words, links to all of the online sources, and if any errors emerge (as is likely), they can be fixed.

Now consider this quote: mine is not a new idea, after all.


So: who should get this reference work?

1. Writers of Australian historical fiction who hate anachronisms;

2. Academics wanting reliable information on the Oz language;

3. Foreigners trying to understand Australian fiction; or

4. People like me who just glory in the richness of our own tongue.

Here is the link to my lexicon again: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B0GR9B1JFV

By the by, I put DRM in play with this work: if you really need a clean and unprotected PDF version for free (or a source file in Word), friends can have it by emailing me, scholars can make their case by way of a comment. I am not doing this to get rich, but I have had my fill of pirates.


Thursday, 12 March 2026

Something completely different

 I have decided to recycle some old research. The result is a new blog called salient quotations. You will find the entries here: https://salientquotations.blogspot.com/2026/03/introduction.html

And here is a taste: I came across the Radulph quote below while reading Norwich on a bus. Must share that, I thought,  but then I realised I had filed it before, and went looking for it.

Here is a sample of what I found, including the Radulph one. The topic is critics, and before you comment, my filing cabinet drawers are all labelled Miscellaneous A - Z.


Pay no attention to what the critics say. A statue has never been erected in honour of a critic.
— Jan Sibelius (1865 – 1957) (attrib.)

 

[Kierkegaard] might be described as a loose-limbed Nordic Pascal (with the mathematical genius left out), born into the Romantic Age in a small country.
— J. B. Priestley, Literature and Western Man, Mercury Books, 1962, 146.

 

Kierkegaard is very queer, I think. I read some selections in German last year, and a French translation … a very odd and good book.
— Aldous Huxley, letter to Edward Sackville-West, 1932, Letters of Aldous Huxley, Chatto and Windus, 1969, 356.

 

[Macaulay] has occasional flashes of silence, that make his conversation perfectly delightful.
— Sydney Smith (1771 – 1845)

 

Thou should’st be living at this hour,
Milton, and enjoying power.
England hath need of thee and not
Of Leavis and of Eliot.
— Heathcote William Garrod.

 

You ought to be roasted alive, not that even well-cooked you would be to my taste.
— J. M. Barrie, to George Bernard Shaw, in response to GBS’s criticism of his plays.

 

In his variations on the Paganini theme, Brahms is commenting subtly on physics and dynamics, including light-hearted references to Boyle’s Law and Fletcher’s Trolley.
— Basil Boothroyd (1910 – 1988), quoted by Frank Muir, The Oxford Book of Humorous Prose.

 

A good deal of Teilhard is nonsense, but on further reflection I can see it as a dotty, euphoristic kind of nonsense, very greatly preferable to solemn long-faced Germanic nonsense. There is no real harm in it. But what, I wonder, was the origin of the philosophically self-destructive belief that obscurity makes a prima-facie case for profundity? — the origin, I mean, of the comically fallacious syllogism that runs Profound reasoning is difficult to understand; this work is difficult to understand; therefore this work is profound.
— Sir Peter Medawar ( ), Plutos’s Republic, introduction, 21.

 

The harm Kant unwittingly did to philosophy was to make obscurity seem respectable. From Kant on, any petty metaphysician might hope to be given credit for profundity if what he said was almost impossible to follow.
— Sir Peter Medawar ( ), Plutos’s Republic, introduction, 22.

 

Schopenhauer: A German; very deep; but it was not really noticeable when he sat down.
— Stephen Leacock (1869-1944), Literary Lapses (1910)

 

When I am dead, I hope it may be said:
‘His sins were scarlet, but his books were read.’
— Hilaire Belloc (1870 – 1953), ‘On His Books’ in Stories Essays and Poems, Everyman Library 948, 1957, 413.

 

De la Beche is a DIRTY DOG,— THERE IS PLAIN English & there is no mincing the matter. I knew him to be a thorough jobber & a great intriguer & we have proved him to be thoroughly incompetent to carry on the survey … He writes in one style to you and in another to me … I confess that a very little matter would prevent my having further intercourses with De la B. If I can trace to him the origin of those falsehoods he shall smart.
— Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792 – 1871), quoted in Rudwick, The Great Devonian Conspiracy, University of Chicago 1985, 194.

 

It would have been more accurate for Leavis to say that there has been no debate between him and me. There has not: nor will there be. For one simple and over-riding reason. I can’t trust him to keep to the ground-rules of academic or intellectual controversy.
— C. P. Snow (1905 – 1980), The Case of Leavis and the Serious Case, 1970.

 

Victor Hugo was really a madman who thought he was Victor Hugo.
— Anon., quoted by J. B. Priestley, Literature and Western Man, Mercury Books, 1962, 132.

 

Born in Warsaw in 1838 and died there in 1861, aged twenty-three. In this brief lifetime she accomplished, perhaps, more than any composer who ever lived, for she provided the piano of absolutely every tasteless sentimental person in the so-called civilized world with a piece of music which that person, however unaccomplished in a dull technical sense, could play. It is probable that if the market stalls and back-street music shops of Britain were to be searched The Maiden’s Prayer would be found to be still selling, and as for the Empire at large, Messrs. Allan of Melbourne reported in 1924, sixty years after the death of the composer, that their house alone was still disposing of 10,000 copies a year.
— Percy A. Scholes, The Oxford Companion to Music, 9th edition, 1955, 64.

 

…one, the notoriously unreliable monk Radulph Glaber (the wildness of whose imagination was rivalled only by that of his private life, which gives him a fair claim to have been expelled from more monasteries than any other littérateur of the eleventh century)…
— John Julius Norwich, The Normans in the South, 1016–1130, 1992.

 

Andrade is like an inverted Micawber, waiting for something to turn down.
— Sir Henry Tizard (1885 – 1959), recalled by C. Snow (1905 – 1980), Science and Government, 1960.

 

The hatchet is buried for the present: but the handle is conveniently near the surface.
— Sir Henry Tizard (1885 – 1959) on Lord Cherwell, recalled by C. Snow (1905 – 1980), Science and Government, 1960.

 

I have no doubt of your courage, Sir Robert, though you have of mine; but then consider what different lives we have led, and what a school of courage is that troop of Yeomanry at Tamworth — the Tory fencibles! Who can doubt of your courage who has seen you at their head, marching up Pitt Street through Dundas Square onto Liverpool Lane? … the very horses looking at you as if you were going to take away 3 per cent. of their oats. After such spectacles as these, the account you give of your own courage cannot be doubted …
— Sydney Smith (1771 – 1845), in a letter to Sir Robert Peel, June 20, 1842, quoted in Charles Mackay (ed.), A Thousand and One Gems of English Prose (n.d.), 400

 

Mr Henry James has written a book called The Secret of Swedenborg and has kept it.
— William Dean Howells (1837 – 1920).

 

In retrospect I think my essay on Teilhard was good of its kind, but I confess that when on the insistence of an American writer friend I read Mark Twain’s ‘Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offences’ I bowed my head in the presence of a master of literary criticism.
— Sir Peter Medawar (1915 – 1987), Plutos’s Republic, introduction, 22.

 

It was very good of God to let Carlyle and Mrs Carlyle marry one another and so make only two people miserable instead of four.
— Samuel Butler (1835 – 1902), quoted in Henry Festing Jones, Samuel Butler, a Memoir, 1920.

 

Jenny kiss’d me when we met,
Jumping from the chair she sat in;
Time you thief, who love to get
Sweets into your list, put that in:
Say I’m weary, say I’m sad,
Say that health and wealth have miss’d me,
Say I’m growing old, but add,
Jenny kiss’d me.
— (James Henry) Leigh Hunt (1784 – 1859), ‘Rondeau’. (Jenny was Mrs. Carlyle)

 

LORD DARLINGTON: I can resist everything except temptation.
— Oscar Fingall O’Flahertie Wills Wilde (1854 – 1900), Lady Windermere’s Fan.